{"id":1366,"date":"2011-10-03T07:01:37","date_gmt":"2011-10-03T07:01:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eltweekly.com\/elt-newsletter\/?p=1366"},"modified":"2011-10-03T07:01:37","modified_gmt":"2011-10-03T07:01:37","slug":"100-research-article-translation-process-and-its-certain-problems-by-dr-sitaram-bhargava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/?p=1366","title":{"rendered":"#100, Research Article: ‘Translation Process And It’s Certain Problems’ by Dr. Sitaram Bhargava"},"content":{"rendered":"

ELTWeekly Vol. 3 Issue#100 | October 3 | ISSN 0975-3036<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\ufeffSubscribe to ELTWeekly (FREE)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Sitaram Bhargava works with the Department of English, Government College, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Translating from one language to another is essentially a problem of translating from\u00a0one ethos to another , of drawing attention for difference in order to assert similarity\u00a0and \u00a0\u00a0of \u00a0\u00a0realizing\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0context, \u00a0\u00a0the systems and social organization of another culture.Translation is both art and craft and the translator as reader and interpretor is\u00a0in danger of intervening in order to edit and censor. The art of translator\u00a0 negotiates\u00a0with the target language without allowing the language to dictate the text.<\/p>\n

Translation involves a complex process of under standing and analyzing the message\u00a0 in the source language as received by him.This is followed by decodification of the codified message. Then he recodifies it in target linguistic system. The whole process of understanding ,codification,decodification-redecodification can be put as reception\u00a0of the source text, its transplantation and origin of a new text.<\/p>\n

Aims of translation-<\/em><\/p>\n

Translation primarily aims at the transference of meaning from one set of patterned\u00a0symbols into another set of patterned symbols.Empathy on the part of the translator\u00a0would ensure stylistic reconstruction.Translators are cultural bridge builders and their\u00a0significance has got to be realized in scientific,legal,literary and other domains.\u00a0translation is very much similar to creative exercise as they have almost similar process.<\/p>\n

Translation is a way of reading ,interpreting and criticizing a text. It needs the same\u00a0process that is required to create an original text.Translation is meant for those who have\u00a0no access to literature in an alien language-system.It is reaching into a new reader\u2019s realm. Translation is not merely an imitation of a text in another linguistic system but\u00a0communication of a message to his prospective target readers whose culture and language differ from the culture as used in original massage and so hinders direct com-munication of message between the received message and its recipient. The translation\u00a0involves \u2018 the inherent nature of language and the character of the communication\u00a0process itself.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

The process of translation is mainly a process communication between different languages.A.H.Smith (1958)maintains that \u2018 to translate is to change into another language ,retaining as much of the sense as one can \u2019.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

As Peter Newmark (1976) says ,\u00a0“Each act of translation involves some loss of \u00a0original meaning and this \u2018 basic loss of meaning is on a continuum between over translation and under translation.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

A faithful , literal translation\u00a0 often fails to convey the original author\u2019s mind.Interested translators take too many liberties, vastly deviate from the original so much so the culture embedded in the original work is totally obliterated in their transcreation.After all , a translation is neither done nor read for the sake\u00a0 of plot and story of the source alone.The purpose behind is reader\u2019s thirst for knowledge and no individual can remain in ivory tower.<\/p>\n

translation is the only means of reaching out to those who do not have direct access to literature \u00a0and knowledge in an alien language system.Translation becomes an indis-pensable link. Along with serving as a kind of bridge in a multi-lingual situation tran-slation helps in preserving ancient literary and cultural heritage. Further it crystallizing\u00a0various Indian literatures at national and international level.Human sensibility is en-riched \u00a0by translation which further adds to the target language system into it. It can\u00a0further assist in re-vitalizing and renewing individual energies. It would be unfair to\u00a0consider translation\u00a0 as a simple task. It is a complex task which demands hard work. A\u00a0translator has to work with greater restrictions than the writer who enjoys greater freedom. Translation is like serving two masters\u2019. It is a demanding task as the translator\u00a0is in continuous search for suitable diction.Translator\u2019s dilemma is manifold, it is doubly complex as he has to fight\u00a0 a duel with words of two languages”.<\/p>\n

Translation plays a very vital role in\u00a0 one\u2019s life. It takes place when one communicates with a foreigner or stranger who is not acquainted with him so far as his own language is concerned. Translation is a complicated or complex business as one can easily not understand its inner content. To interpret the meaning, word to word is not a good translation but it must have an emotional touch with the source of the meaning.<\/p>\n

Translation is a difficult object. It is shifting of one language into\u00a0 another language. It is true that. Science and Technology have\u00a0 lessened the distance between people and nations. Translation is becoming\u00a0 more and more significant especially in India which has a multilingual diversity. In English Language Teaching, Translation method has been playing a very remarkable role for a long time. There are countries where education is being given or imparted\u00a0 through mother tongue, Translations are needed\u00a0 to bring home the advancements in various fields of Knowledge made in other countries and languages. Translation has been interpreted. In many ways but it means the rendering of a literary work from one language into another. It is the finding out of linguistic equivalents between the source language (SL) and the target language.<\/p>\n

An ideal translation is the matching of phonological , morphological,syntactic and semantic equivalents. During\u00a0 1960s the two theories of translation were propounded\u00a0So far as the process of translation is concerned. These two scholars were J.C.Catford\u00a0And\u00a0 E.A.Nida.who made systematic analysis of the translation process. They suggested\u00a0Scientific or linguistic procedures for actual translation and testing accuracy and adequacy of that translation.<\/p>\n

According to J.C.Catford(1965),\u00a0\u2018Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).\u20193<\/strong><\/p>\n

He says that textual equivalentsshould be related to contextual equivalents keeping in view the lexical and grammatical equivalents.<\/p>\n

E.A.Nida (1981)points out ,\u00a0\u2019 The Translation is basically not a process of matching surface forms or rules of correspondence but rather a more complex procedure consisting of analysis ,transformation and restructuring.\u20194<\/strong><\/p>\n

The analysis involves the grammatical relationship between constituent parts:-The refrential meaning of the semantic units and the connotative values of grammatical structures.<\/p>\n

Prof. Verma points out,\u00a0\u2018Translation is a difficult process .The translator has to face\u00a0 many problems .The main problem is that of grasping the right mood ,tone ,inten- tion , feeling and sense of the original writer .Translating poetry is much more difficult than the prose. 5\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

The relevant problems occur when one faces the following levels:-<\/p>\n

(1.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Linguistic,<\/p>\n

(2.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Grammatical,<\/p>\n

(3.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Socio-cultural,and<\/p>\n

(4.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Idioms and proverbs<\/p>\n

The first problem is that of finding appropriate equivalents at all linguistic levels.In fact, it is impossible to find in target language ( TL) exact equivalents of a\u00a0 text in the source language even though there may be a lot of cultural\u00a0 similarit-ies .For example , \u2018 The English expressions such as \u2018Good morning, \u2018Good after noon \u2018, and \u2018Good evening\u2019 have no exact equivalents in Hindi. One Hindi word<\/p>\n

\u2018Namaste\u2019 serves the purpose very well. The Hindi word \u2018KAL\u2019 has no English equivalents because it is used for both \u2018 yesterday\u2019 and \u2018tomorrow\u2019.The Hindi word \u2018chacha\u2019 , tau\u2019, Mama\u2019, foofa\u2019 Mausa\u2019 have only one equivalent \u2018Uncle\u2019<\/p>\n

English and so is the case with the word \u2018Aunt\u2019 that serves the purpose of \u2018chachi\u2019, \u2019Bhua\u2019, Mami\u2019 etc.<\/p>\n

Noam Chomsky has also discussed in his \u2018Transformation \u2013Generative\u00a0Grammar\u2019 that a translator has to face the problems of \u2018Deep and Surface Structures\u2019.6<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In understanding\u00a0 the interpretation of the statement, one should keep in mind the both types of structures, otherwise he would hardly distinguish literal<\/p>\n

Translation from literary translation .Literal translation may be harmful in knowing the interpretations,because idioms and proverbs are the product of a particular culture.In such a critical situation , a translator should always try to establish only semantic equivalents . For example, the following sentences are remarkable examples of literal translation .These examples can be explained with the help of two types of translation. First is Literal and second is literary.<\/p>\n

(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Literal translation:-<\/p>\n

1. \u2018Mera sir chakkar kha raha hai\u2019<\/p>\n

My head is eating circles\u2019<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u2018Use dekh mera dil baag bag hogaya\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    My heart\u00a0 became garden garden when I saw her.<\/p>\n

    The above-mentioned examples will be just a mockery .These two sentences can\u00a0translated\u00a0 as literally in the following manner:–<\/p>\n

    (b)\u00a0\u00a0 Literary translation:–<\/p>\n

    1. \u2018 I am feeling giddy .\u2019<\/p>\n

    In the same manner ,the second sentence will be interpreted in the following manner .<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. My joy knew no bounds when I saw her.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Therefore, it can be said that word to word translation is not only harmful but\u00a0useless also .<\/p>\n

      Another example in English<\/p>\n

      \u2018 It is raining cats and dogs\u2019<\/p>\n

      \u2018 Kutte billi baras rahe hain\u2019.<\/p>\n

      If\u00a0 translated \u00a0into hindi as the above, will be down graded (i.e word to word,\u00a0Clause to clause) translation.<\/p>\n

      Varshney<\/em> also<\/em> says<\/em> that <\/em><\/p>\n

      <\/em>the target language (TL)\u00a0 has a number of synonymous to express the sense of a source language word, \u00a0the translator should choose the word he considers stylistically more suitable than the word that most obviously translates the source language (SL)words.\u20197<\/p>\n

      We have some other examples or the words such as \u2013 \u2018Tavern\u2019, inn,public house\u2019 for\u00a0\u2018Musafir khana ; Requests \u2019 for \u2018 invoking , \u2018Pray\u2019for Pukar\u2019, \u2018Groaning\u2019,\u00a0Moaning\u2019,Wailing\u2019 for vilaap. <\/strong><\/p>\n

      We should choose the closest word for them suitable in the context.While translating\u00a0headings and titles , the translator must be very careful .If he does not find the\u00a0appropriate\u00a0 word in target language he should write the same in the script as\u00a0in source language (SL). The wrong translation of the title destroys the spirit\u00a0of the text.<\/p>\n

      Translation is not an easy job. The whole process of translating from source language\u00a0into target language is an unusually complex one.<\/p>\n

      I.A.Richards feels that<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u2018 translation may very probably be the most complex type of event yet produced in the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0sevolution of the cosmos\u2019.8<\/strong> The job of the translator is further complicated by host of restrictions imposed upon him by both the subject and the audience.The translator has to bear in mind that there are no exact synonymous even in the same language and its dialects and that a language is not merely a medium through which experience is communicated but is some thing inseparable from\u00a0 the experience it communicates.<\/p>\n

      To conclude, translation is a difficult and complex process.That is why it is advisable to touch it at advance levels.There is a proverb \u2013\u2018 A translator is a traitor\u2019. This indicates at the insufficiencies and in adequacies of translators.The translator has to face many problems. The two theories of translation propounded by J.C.Catford and E.A.Nida have<\/p>\n

      contributed to the translators in achieving better and useful literary translation.<\/p>\n

      Therefore it can be said that translation remains a craft requiring a trained skill ,continually renewed linguistic and non- linguistic knowledge and deals with imagination, intelligence and above all common sense.<\/p>\n

      References<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Smith\u00a0 A.H. ( ed), Aspects of Translation,London : Seeker & Warburg,1958,p. (vii).<\/p>\n

      Newmark\u00a0 Peter, \u2018The Theory and Practice of Translation\u2019,\u00a0Language Teaching and Linguistic Abstracts, London:\u00a0Cambridge University Press,1976.<\/p>\n

      Catford\u00a0 J.C. \u2018A Linguistic Theory of Translation\u2019,London:\u00a0Oxford University Press. 1965.<\/p>\n

      Nida E.A. \u2018Science of Translation\u2019Language, vol.45\u00a0Oxford university press 1969.<\/p>\n

      Verma S.K. \u2018An introduction to Linguistics and Phonetics\u2019\u00a0Student store,civil lines,Barelly 1977.<\/p>\n

      Chomsky Noam \u2018A Transformational-Generative Grammar\u2019\u00a0\u2018 Aspects of The Theory of Syntax\u2019\u00a0Oxford university press 1965.<\/p>\n

      Richards\u00a0 I.A. \u2018Towards A Theory of Translating\u2019,\u00a0A.E. Wright(ed) ,Studied in Chinese Thought,Chicago:\u00a0Chicago university press,1953<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      ELTWeekly Vol. 3 Issue#100 | October 3 | ISSN 0975-3036 \ufeffSubscribe to ELTWeekly (FREE) Dr. Sitaram Bhargava works with the Department of English, Government College, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan). Translating from one language to another is essentially a problem of translating from\u00a0one ethos to another , of drawing attention for difference in order to assert similarity\u00a0and \u00a0\u00a0of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","omw_enable_modal_window":"enable","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,39,45,466,62],"tags":[738,851,869,948],"class_list":["post-1366","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-elt-articles-and-research-papers","category-elt-newsletter","category-elt-research-articles","category-elt-research-papers","category-eltweekly-issue100","tag-dr-sitaram-bhargava","tag-elt-newsletter","tag-elt-research-articles","tag-eltweekly-issue100","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1366","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1366"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1366\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1366"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1366"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1366"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}