{"id":315,"date":"2010-07-17T00:47:04","date_gmt":"2010-07-17T00:47:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eltweekly.com\/elt-newsletter\/?p=315"},"modified":"2010-07-17T00:47:04","modified_gmt":"2010-07-17T00:47:04","slug":"64-elt-research-paper-patterns-of-the-iranian-advanced-learners-problems-with-english-collocations-by-abbas-ali-zarei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/?p=315","title":{"rendered":"#64, ELT Research Paper: ‘Patterns of the Iranian Advanced Learners\u2019 Problems with English Collocations’ by Abbas Ali Zarei"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Collocations are a pervasive feature of many languages and English seems to be particularly rich in such multi-word lexemes. They have not been a major focus of teaching and research, however, despite the fact that learners have serious problems with the production of idiomatically correct language . The present study , therefore, aimed at finding out the problems of high proficiency level Iranian learners of English with English collocations. The study had two phases. In phase I, about 2400 pages of materials produced (in English) by 27 subjects were carefully studied and a list of collocational errors were extracted. The list was then analyzed and five patterns were found. In phase II, six cued production tasks were developed which were given to 64 subjects. Results showed that Iranian advanced learners of English do have serious problems with English collocations (about 55 percent of the time). The results of the present study can have theoretical and pedagogical implications for syllabus designers, teachers, and translators.<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

During the 1990s, interest in vocabulary teaching and research increased. Nation\u2019s (1990) \u2018Teaching and Learning Vocabulary\u2019 appeared at the beginning of the decade and proved influential in its\u00a0 inclusive review of research on vocabulary while providing pedagogical guidance through interpreting the research in terms of classroom applications. According to Michael Lewis (2000), John Sinclair\u2019s (1991) book, \u2018Corpus. Concordance, Collocation\u2019 and subsequent collocation studies have revealed new understandings of how English works leading to new descriptions of the language.<\/p>\n

Yet, as Zahar, Cobb, and Spada (2000) rightly claim, while L2 vocabulary acquisition is no longer a \u2018neglected area\u2019 ( Meara, 1980 ), a lack of progress remains\u00a0 on some basic questions . One important question which remains unresolved concerns whether the L2 lexicon itself can be acquired through reading, or is more likely to result from some kind of direct instruction, or instructionally enhanced reading. No matter which approach to vocabulary acquisition is chosen, one fact remains uncontroversial ; that all learners, even advanced ones, have at least some<\/em> problems with their vocabulary, particularly in their production. One reason for this may be that learners usually try to learn the meaning of words individually without paying much attention to the relations that words form with each other. Carter (1991) asserts that knowing a word completely and for purposes of accurate productive use involves at least knowing ( among other things ) the network of relations it forms with other words, either collocationally, or in terms of semantic field or colligationally.<\/p>\n

Firth (1957 : 197) introduced the notion of collocation as a part of his overall\u00a0 theory of meaning. It is at the collocational level of analysis, between the situational\u00a0 and the grammatical that he proposes to deal with lexical meaning. More particularly, as Koiranen & Hyrsky (1997) state , Firth (1968 : 179) later argued : \u201c you shall know a word by the company it keeps\u201d and\u00a0 this \u2018keeping company\u2019 he called collocation and considered it a significant part\u00a0 of the word\u2019s meaning. There is no airtight definition of collocations. Viegas (1996) points out that : \u201c Our general thesis is that there is no single definition for what a collocation is, but rather, collocational behaviour emerges from a theory of what the range of connections\u00a0 and relations between lexical items can be\u201d. Viegas (ibid.<\/em>) claims that much of the allegedly idiosyncratic and language specific collocation in language\u00a0 is in fact predictable from a sufficiently rich theory of lexical organization. Yet, a number of definitions of collocations have been offered in the literature.<\/p>\n

A collocation is often defined as either \u201c an arbitrary and recurrent word combination\u201d (Benson, 1990) or \u201cthe occurrence of two or more words within a short space of each other\u201d (Sinclair, 1991). Newmark (1988)\u00a0 who defines collocations as two or more words that go happily or naturally with each other, for example, pay a visit<\/em>. Hill (1999) describes collocations as \u2018 the way words occur together in predictable combinations. Similarly, Gitsaki (1999) describes collocations as recurrent word combinations, e.g., strong tea, to commit suicide, <\/em>etc.\u00a0 A similar definition is proposed by Cruse (1986).<\/p>\n

Taylor (1997) defines collocations in terms of Saussure\u2019s well-known dichotomy between\u00a0 syntagmatic and paradigmatic\u00a0 relations\u00a0 of lexical items. The syntagmatic axis refers to a word\u2019s ability to combine with other words in the same string. This is collocation.<\/p>\n

In simple terms, there are situations in which\u00a0 \u201c a teacher finds herself saying to a learner that what he said is not wrong exactly, but doesn\u2019t sound English\u201d (The Digital Education Network, 1996). It is here that the notion of collocation comes in handy.<\/p>\n

The literature on collocations shows an agreement\u00a0 among researchers and language pedagogists as to the importance of collocations for F\/SL learning. As Gitsaki & Taylor (1997) point out, it has been suggested that an increase of the students\u2019 knowledge of collocations will result in an improvement of their oral skills, their listening comprehension, and reading speed (Brown, 1974). Collocational knowledge could also help students overcome problems of vocabulary style and usage. The importance of prefabricated language chunks and routinized formulas for language acquisition and use has been reported by Nattinger & DeCarrico (1992). Gary Chang (1996) quotes Brown (1994) who provides evidence that collocations are important in learning vocabulary because : First, they reinforce the fact that language is spoken and read\u00a0 in chunks; second, high proficiency learners\u00a0 rely on associated meanings as input into memory; third, collocational groups are also rhythm\u00a0 groups; fourth, collocations define and delimit each other , their defining power can help students infer meaning from context; and finally, from the knowledge of common collocations, the students can more easily understand uncommon or technical ones.<\/p>\n

Anderson & Naggy (1991) underscore the importance of taking into account the deep meanings including collocational properties hidden in words. According to The Centre For Instructional\u00a0 Development And Research (2000) , our brain tends to store language in chunks, rather than individual words. Thus, familiarity with collocations\u00a0 and the resulting ability to make guesses about a\u00a0 speaker\/writer\u2019s speech should increase a non-native speaker\u2019s efficiency as a listener or reader.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gough (1996 :32) claims that students need to know \u201cwhich words go with which_ how words go together normally and how we can manipulate these arrangements to make new meanings for ourselves\u201d.<\/p>\n

Despite the partial similarity between the words\u00a0 used to define collocations, there is a lack of agreement as to the interpretation and understanding of\u00a0 the exact nature of collocations. According to the Center For Instructional Development & Research (2000) , collocations are collections of words that \u2018fit together\u2019, i.e., they are predictable patterns and phrases\u00a0 or groups of words that we typically use together. So, idioms like take a break, <\/em>structures like If I had a chance, I would \u2026<\/em>, and word combinations like get on a bus\/ get in a car, <\/em>are all considered collocations. In much the same way, Gitsaki refers to collocations as combinations of lexical items, conventionalized language forms, prefabricated language chunks and routinized formulas, phrase patterns, and word associations. <\/em>On the other hand, however, <\/em> Amold (1995) differentiates idioms from collocations, saying that idioms are strings of words the meaning of which cannot be determined from the meaning of their component parts. In case of collocations, however, the meaning can be guessed\u00a0 from the meaning of their component parts. What is not predictable is the particular words that are used. Yet again, according to the Center For Instructional Development & Research (2000), collocations can be described in a number of ways. One way of thinking about them is in terms of \u2018fixedness\u2019. By a fixed collocation it is meant one in which the pattern has very few expected variations , like the idiom kick the bucket. <\/em>In other words, idioms are once more viewed as collocations.<\/p>\n

In addition, the Center For Instructional Development & Research (2000) differentiates between collocations and word associations. Also, according to the Digital Education Network (op. cit.<\/em>), one should not confuse collocations with association of words and ideas. If a psychiatrist asks a patient to freely associate words and the patient comes up with \u2018table, wood, trees, birds\u2019 <\/em>these are not collocations . <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em>Collocation is one of the darlings of those who follow a philosophy called the lexical approach \u2013 a school of thought that says that \u2018language consists of grammatical lexis, not lexicalised grammar\u2019 (Morgan Lewis, 1997). But it is now widely accepted that making students aware of the way words combine with others in predictable ways is a vital element in the struggle to engender accurate and natural sounding English. For, students at the intermediate and advanced levels often know the words, but frequently use them inaccurately. For example, they say \u2018weak rain\u2019 instead of \u2018light rain.<\/p>\n

Such problems arise partly because of the arbitrary and unpredictable nature of collocations. Townsend (1999) says that on a more deeply erratic and idiomatic level, collocation demands that one word is used rather than another in particular contexts and this idiomaticity often defies any obvious logic and is thus very difficult for non-native speakers to predict_ for example, a roaring trade, donkey\u2019s years, <\/em>and in the nick of the time, <\/em>etc. In fact there is no logical reason why certain words go together, e.g., one can say John is an eligible bachelor <\/em>but cannot say John is an available bachelor.<\/em> Why is this? There is no logical reason. This unpredictability of collocation is clearly stated in the following definition of collocations given by \u2018Winfield college, Teachers\u2019 Teasers\u2019:<\/p>\n

Collocations are defined as idiomatic expressions \u2026which are easy to understand but not so easy for a learner to produce correctly. One can think of many verbs that might be used with lion <\/em>to describe the sound it makes ,for example, bellow, shout, scream, yell, holler.<\/em> It just happens that English speakers have chosen to use roar.<\/em><\/p>\n

Unlike idioms , collocations do not hold simply between words but some more general item that subsumes them all. For example, one may find a strong argument, the strength of the argument, he argued strongly , his argument was strengthened.<\/em> So the collocation does not hold between strong <\/em>and argument <\/em>but between all the related words, strong, strength, strongly, strengthen, and argue and argument.<\/em><\/p>\n

Learners\u2019 Problems with Collocations<\/strong><\/p>\n

As Gitsaki and Taylor (1997) contend, the task of learning collocations can present both intralingual and interlingual challenges. Collocation describes lexical relations and word combinations, but joining words that are semantically compatible does not always produce acceptable combinations. For instance, many thanks <\/em>is an acceptable English collocation but several thanks<\/em> is not. On the other hand, collocations can differ from language to language, e.g., someone who drinks a lot is a heavy drinker<\/em> in English and a strong glass <\/em>in Greek. The road is<\/em> clear<\/em> in English but free in Greek. <\/em>Similarly , snow <\/em>is heavy <\/em>both in English and Farsi, but rain <\/em>is heavy <\/em>in English while it is hard <\/em>or fast <\/em> in Farsi. A lot of collocational errors that learners commit\u00a0 were found to be due to negative transfer from L1, unfamiliarity with the structure\u00a0 of the particular collocations, and the tendency\u00a0 to use generic terms\u00a0 instead of specific ones, e.g., pipewater,<\/em> instead of tap water<\/em>. ( Fayez-Hossein, 1990 cited in Gitsaki & Taylor ,1997)<\/p>\n

<\/em>It is worth noting that , as Cornelia (1999) states, it is the production rather than comprehension of collocations that is the real problem.<\/p>\n

As to the interlingual problems, Martelli (1998) believes that mother tongue interference accounts for the generation of wrong collocations. In the same way, Shalev (2000) believes that students learning EFL tend to make mistakes because of the differences between English and their mother tongue. Shalev refers to Gough (1996) who suggests activities to enable pupils to understand their errors and explore collocational relationship. David Crystal (1987) cited in Gough (ibid.<\/em>) is of the opinion that collocations differ greatly between languages and provide a major difficulty in mastering foreign languages. For instance, in Japanese, the verb for drink<\/em> collocates with water <\/em>and soup <\/em>but also with tablets<\/em> and cigarettes. <\/em>Yarmohammadi (1997) reports the following errors committed by Iranian learners :<\/p>\n

* the chief of the bank\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (manager)<\/p>\n

* the chief of the department (<\/em>chairman) <\/em><\/p>\n

* the chief of the college\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( dean )<\/p>\n

* the chief of the university\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( chancellor )<\/p>\n

* the chief of the high school\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( principal )<\/p>\n

<\/em>With regard to the intralingual problems, O\u2019Neil points out that English words have typical word patterns. In English we can go for<\/em> or take a walk_ catch <\/em>or miss a bus _watch a film on television, <\/em>but see it in a cinema. <\/em>One rides a horse and a bike, <\/em>but drives a car<\/em>. Naggy & Anderson (1991) give similar examples:<\/p>\n

You can say set forth a valid argument,<\/em> but can not in any normal situation say set forth a warm greeting; <\/em>you can say grant him permission, <\/em>but you cannot say grant him a shove.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (p : 698)<\/em><\/p>\n

Flowerdew (1999) found evidence from\u00a0 an examination of the KWIC (key word in context) that the students knew\u00a0 all about the key lexis, but were not familiar with the naturally occurring environment in which the word usually occurs. Learners may, for example, produce erroneous utterances like :<\/p>\n

*\u00a0 This butter is sour. <\/em>(rancid)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 * They made a walk. <\/em>(took) <\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0 I am going to take fish. <\/em>(catch) * The enemy used a fatal weapon. <\/em>(lethal)<\/p>\n

*\u00a0 My tea is very powerful. <\/em>(strong)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 * The chief of the college<\/em> ( dean )<\/p>\n

*\u00a0 Flock of cows <\/em>(sheep)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 * herd of sheep<\/em> (cows) <\/em><\/p>\n

Taken from : <\/em>Amold (1995), Viegas (1996), Ziahosseini (1994), and Yarmohammadi (1997) <\/em><\/p>\n

In the last example, for instance, there is no meaning distinction\u00a0 between herd <\/em>and flock <\/em>except that one is used with cows <\/em>and the other with sheep.<\/em> Similarly, the words fatal, deadly, lethal, <\/em>and mortal <\/em>are commonly considered synonyms in that they have in common the meaning bring about death or disaster. <\/em>However, as Rudzka et al. (1985 : 170) stress, care must be taken not to use them interchangeably. A weapon <\/em>can be lethal<\/em> but not fatal. <\/em><\/p>\n

Learners, even at advanced levels, are usually not aware of the collocational properties of words. As a consequence, although\u00a0 they might have a large reservoir of vocabulary knowledge, they sometimes produce utterances that simply do not sound English.<\/p>\n

In another experiment, Trinh (1993) gave phrases for\u00a0 fake pharmaceuticals , a worrying reality , etc. <\/em>in Vietnamese\u00a0 to be translated into English by Vietnamese candidates . Results showed that phrases like faked medicines, counterfeit drugs, forged medicines, <\/em>for fake pharmaceuticals <\/em>and\u00a0 a worrying situation, a worrisome reality, <\/em>and a fearful reality <\/em>for a worrying reality <\/em>were produced. This shows that they were unaware of\u00a0 collocations. In other words, a language learner must learn\u00a0 not only what is possible to say grammatically, but also what a native speaker is likely to say. When a learner talks about taking a fish<\/em>, this is a problem of collocations : the word\u00a0 catch<\/em> collocates more readily with fish<\/em> than does take<\/em>. Even learners with good vocabularies, as Hill (1999) states, may have problems in that their collocational competence is very limited. At the same time, very often\u00a0 the difference between words of similar meaning is defined partly by their different collocational fields ( Silbermann, 2000).<\/p>\n

<\/em>Martelli (1998) reports errors in which students assume that related words like job, work, career, employment, occupation, <\/em>are complete synonyms <\/em>and\u00a0\u00a0 can be used interchangeably ( look for a work <\/em>instead of look for a job,<\/em> <\/span>dangerous career <\/em>rather than dangerous job). <\/em>Although the general sense of these terms <\/em> is similar, there are differences\u00a0 in collocation and connotation. What makes this difficult is the fact that such difference in meaning is fine and subtle. This difficulty is found in an extreme form in the collective words : flock of sheep, herd of cows, school of whales, pride of lions. <\/em>It is also the case that <\/em> words may have more specific meaning in particular collocations. Thus, we can speak of abnormal <\/em>or exceptional weather i<\/em>f we have a heat wave in November, but an exceptional child<\/em> is not an abnormal child. <\/em><\/p>\n

Gitsaki (1999) classifies learners\u2019 problems with collocations into\u00a0 the following categories :<\/p>\n

Intralingual : \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 many thanks<\/em> but not several thanks<\/em><\/p>\n

Interlingual : <\/em>English : heavy drinker<\/em> Greek : strong glass<\/em><\/p>\n

Overuse of a few lexical items : e.g., get <\/em>:\u00a0 This is an opportunity for you to\u2026knowledge in your field of study.<\/em><\/p>\n

Unfamiliarity with collocative patterns of words they know well :\u00a0 beautiful noise; shooting\u00a0 stones<\/em><\/p>\n

All these boil down to is the fact that collocations are a pervasive feature of many languages and English seems to be particularly rich in such multi-word lexemes.(Cornelia, 1999)\u00a0 Such complex lexemes have not usually been a major focus of teaching\u00a0 and research, however, despite the fact that learners have serious problems with the production of idiomatically correct language.\u00a0\u00a0 These problems may well warrant a study on\u00a0 collocations and how they can be taught and learnt.<\/p>\n

The purpose of the present study, therefore, is to find out the problems of Iranian advanced learners of English with English collocations. The study aims at discovering the systematically misused collocational patterns that pose a threat to the accurate use of words and hence hinder communication. It also aims at finding out which kind(s) of collocation pose(s) the most severe problems\u00a0 for Iranians.<\/p>\n

Method<\/strong><\/p>\n

The study has two phases each with its own subjects and materials.<\/p>\n

Phase I<\/strong><\/p>\n

Subjects<\/strong><\/p>\n

The subjects of the first phase of the study were 27 male and female advanced-level (M.A and Ph.D.) students and graduates of English.<\/p>\n

Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

The materials were the productions (in English) of the above-mentioned subjects which consisted of a variety of different kinds of writing including books, theses and dissertations, articles, term papers, free writings, letters, e-mails, and whatever materials they had produced.<\/p>\n

Procedures<\/strong><\/p>\n

Over 2400 pages of the materials produced by the advanced-level Iranian learners of English were collected. This corpus of about 270,000 words was then studied carefully , and instances of the misuse of collocations were isolated and listed. The list was then studied and it was discovered that\u00a0 the collocational problems could be classified into a number of categories (see Appendix A). Appendix A gives the list and the kinds of collocational problems advanced level Iranians have with English collocations. However, this was not sufficient , for several reasons, for the purpose of the present study which aimed at finding out the patterns<\/em><\/strong> of collocational problems. First of all, the list included the problems of only a few subjects who may not be accepted by everyone to be a representative sample of all advanced-level Iranian learners of English. Moreover, not all errors were committed by all the subjects for the researcher to claim he had discovered the patterns<\/em> of collocational problems. In fact, a majority of the errors were those committed by one or only a few subjects. On the other hand, the fact that some errors appeared so infrequently in the corpus could not, in any sense, indicate that those errors were uncommon among Iranian learners of English, hence not systematically problematic. For, the subjects may have used the \u2018avoidance strategy\u2019 whereby they consciously avoided doubtful combinations and produced perfectly correct English without revealing any of the many problems they have with English collocations. These factors made a second phase of the study inevitable.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phase II <\/strong><\/p>\n

Subjects <\/strong><\/p>\n

The subjects of the second phase were 64 M.A and Ph.D. students and graduates of TEFL.<\/p>\n

Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>The materials contained six cued production tasks which were intended to elicit the subjects\u2019 use of various kinds of lexical collocations.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>To confirm that the errors committed by the subjects in their free production tasks were common to a majority of other similar subjects and not individual cases of misuse of collocations, using the list of problems extracted from the subjects\u2019 free production, a number of (six) cued production tasks were made. The first task, which had four subtasks, was one which required the subjects to use adjective + noun collocations . The second task ( with four subtasks) was designed to test the subjects\u2019 ability to use noun + noun collocations. The purpose of task three ( with two subtasks) was to see how the subjects performed on noun + verb collocations.\u00a0 Task four was a translation task in which expressions including various kinds of word combinations were given in Farsi to be translated into English. In order not to allow the subjects to avoid producing the intended combinations and to produce circumlocutory translations, parts of the translations were also given.\u00a0 Task five , consisting of three subtasks, contained sentences and expressions which required the subjects to use verbs to collocate with certain nouns. Its purpose was to gauge the subjects\u2019 knowledge and use of verb + noun\u00a0 collocations. Finally, task six (with two subtasks) aimed at testing the subjects\u2019 use of idioms and fixed expressions. A <\/strong>complete list of tasks is given in Appendix B.<\/p>\n

Data Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The data were meticulously analyzed by moving from one item to another within each subtask of each of the six tasks, and examining all the subjects\u2019 responses given to any individual item. This kind of analysis showed not only the types of error the subjects had committed but also\u00a0 the frequency of each kind of error. The analysis of the subjects\u2019 performance on each of the subtasks yielded the following results:<\/p>\n

<\/em>Table 1.<\/strong> containing information about the subjects\u2019 performance<\/em><\/p>\n

on each of the 16 sub-tasks<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nNo of sub<\/td>\nNo. of answers<\/p>\n

Possible<\/td>\n

No. of\u00a0 answers given<\/td>\nFrequency<\/p>\n

of errors<\/td>\n

Frequency of\u00a0 unanswered<\/p>\n

Items<\/td>\n

% of errors<\/td>\nSum of problems<\/td>\n% of problems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 1.A<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n1152<\/td>\n935<\/td>\n347<\/td>\n217<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n564<\/td>\n48.95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 1.B<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n768<\/td>\n602<\/td>\n316<\/td>\n166<\/td>\n52.49<\/td>\n482<\/td>\n62.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 1.C<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n576<\/td>\n492<\/td>\n301<\/td>\n84<\/td>\n61.17<\/td>\n385<\/td>\n62.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 1.D<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n512<\/td>\n481<\/td>\n166<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n34.51<\/td>\n197<\/td>\n38.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 2.A<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n384<\/td>\n330<\/td>\n107<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n32.42<\/td>\n161<\/td>\n41.92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 2.B<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n896<\/td>\n746<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n46.91<\/td>\n500<\/td>\n55.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 2.C<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n640<\/td>\n593<\/td>\n247<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n41.65<\/td>\n294<\/td>\n45.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 2.D<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n384<\/td>\n256<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n128<\/td>\n34.37<\/td>\n216<\/td>\n56.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 3.A<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n1024<\/td>\n352<\/td>\n137<\/td>\n669<\/td>\n38.92<\/td>\n806<\/td>\n78.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 3.B<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n768<\/td>\n495<\/td>\n276<\/td>\n273<\/td>\n55.75<\/td>\n549<\/td>\n71.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 4<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n2176<\/td>\n1539<\/td>\n547<\/td>\n637<\/td>\n35.54<\/td>\n1184<\/td>\n54.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 5.A<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n1152<\/td>\n1034<\/td>\n281<\/td>\n118<\/td>\n27.17<\/td>\n399<\/td>\n34.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 5.B<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n704<\/td>\n571<\/td>\n91<\/td>\n133<\/td>\n15.93<\/td>\n224<\/td>\n31.81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 5.C<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n896<\/td>\n624<\/td>\n258<\/td>\n272<\/td>\n41.34<\/td>\n530<\/td>\n59.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 6.A<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n1024<\/td>\n734<\/td>\n253<\/td>\n290<\/td>\n34.46<\/td>\n543<\/td>\n53.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Task 6.B<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n512<\/td>\n368<\/td>\n121<\/td>\n144<\/td>\n32.88<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n51.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

It is worth noting that the antepenultimate column in the table ( percentage of errors) refers to the percentage of errors out of the given responses. However, owing to the fact that some of the subjects did not respond to some of the items because they did not know the answer, the percentages given in that column do not represent the real percentages of the subjects who had problems with collocations. It was necessary, therefore, to add two more columns. The penultimate column ( sum of problems ) refers to the total number of the subjects who had problem with collocations including those who made mistakes as well as those who did not respond. And the last column represents the total percentage of the problems with collocations. Finally, to decide which collocational patterns posed the greatest difficulty for the Iranian learners of English, the subjects\u2019 performance on each pattern was compared with their performance on other patterns, and the following results were obtained. It has to be mentioned that only 5 patterns of lexical collocations are included in the table because task 4 ( translation task ) did not represent a separate collocational pattern but was a combination of other patterns. So, the results obtained from task four were divided into different parts and each division was added to the corresponding pattern. The results of the comparison are summarized below.<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em>Table 2.<\/strong> containing information about the subjects\u2019 performance<\/em><\/p>\n

On the different collocational patterns<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nNo.<\/p>\n

of<\/p>\n

sub<\/td>\n

No. of answers possible<\/td>\nNo. of answers given<\/td>\nFrequency of errors<\/td>\nFrequency\u00a0 of unanswered items<\/td>\n% of errors<\/td>\nSum of problems<\/td>\n% of problems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Adj + N<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n4288<\/td>\n3472<\/td>\n1463<\/td>\n816<\/td>\n42.13<\/td>\n2279<\/td>\n53.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N + N<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n2816<\/td>\n2232<\/td>\n846<\/td>\n584<\/td>\n37.90<\/td>\n14.30<\/td>\n50.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N + V<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n1792<\/td>\n847<\/td>\n413<\/td>\n942<\/td>\n48.76<\/td>\n1355<\/td>\n75.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V + N<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n3136<\/td>\n2499<\/td>\n785<\/td>\n637<\/td>\n31.41<\/td>\n1422<\/td>\n45.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Idioms & fixed exp.<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n1536<\/td>\n1102<\/td>\n374<\/td>\n434<\/td>\n33.93<\/td>\n808<\/td>\n52.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Conclusion and discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

From the first phase of the study, it can be concluded that the most frequent problems of advanced-level Iranian learners of English with English collocations are in \u2018adjective + noun\u2019, \u2018noun + noun\u2019, \u2018noun + verb\u2019, \u2018verb + noun\u2019 combinations, and idioms and fixed expressions. The second phase of the study confirms the result of the first phase and shows that collocations are indeed a significant factor in learning English, and on average about 55 percent of the time advanced-level Iranian learners make mistakes in the use of English collocations. Sometimes, they are conscious of the fact that what they say may not be the way English people say the same thing. But since they do not know the right way of saying it, they have no way but to say it their own way. Quite frequently, however, they are not even aware of the collocational properties of words in English. That is why they keep using wrong or unidiomatic word combinations even at advanced levels. A look at the percentage of errors and problems in table 2 confirms such a claim.\u00a0\u00a0 The second phase of the study (table 2) also shows that the following is the sequence of collocational patterns in order of increasing difficulty (from easy to more difficult):<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. verb + noun<\/li>\n
  2. noun + noun<\/li>\n
  3. idioms and fixed expressions<\/li>\n
  4. adjective + noun<\/li>\n
  5. noun + verb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    A point needs clarification here. Although the noun + noun collocations posed more problems in the cued production tasks than idioms and fixed expressions, they are considered, on the whole,\u00a0 to be less problematic than idioms because proportionately more subjects avoided responding to idioms. The same is true with the computed difficulty level of some of the subtasks out of the answers given and their level of difficulty on the whole (table 1). In addition, from table 1, one can extract the following hierarchy of the subtasks from the most problematic collocations to the least problematic ones:<\/p>\n

    subtask\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 belonging to pattern<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3. A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun + verb<\/p>\n

    2. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3. B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun + verb<\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 adjective + noun<\/p>\n

    4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 adjective + noun<\/p>\n

    5. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5. C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 verb + noun<\/p>\n

    6. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun + noun<\/p>\n

    7. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun + noun<\/p>\n

    8. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 combination of all patterns<\/p>\n

    9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6. A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 idioms<\/p>\n

    10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6. B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fixed expressions<\/p>\n

    11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 adjective + noun<\/p>\n

    12. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun + noun<\/p>\n

    13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun + noun<\/p>\n

    14.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 adjective + noun<\/p>\n

    15.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5. A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 verb + noun<\/p>\n

    16.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 verb + noun<\/p>\n

    The table shows that task 3. A, which gauges the subjects\u2019 ability to associate the name of different animals with the sounds they make, is the most difficult task. Task 3. B, which also has the pattern noun + verb, is the second most difficult task. And so forth down the list. Once again, it has to be reiterated that even though task 1.C ranks fourth and task 3.A stands first in the hierarchy of the overall difficulty, when it comes to the percentage of errors committed by the subjects, task 1.C tops the list, while task 3.A is placed in the 7th<\/sup> position. This is simply because more subjects ventured to respond to task 1.C than task 3.A. In a nutshell, the results of this study suggest that knowledge of collocations is an important component of language learning which is largely ignored in case of Iranian learners of English. And this has had consequences; despite the fact that many Iranians have achieved a high level of proficiency with large reservoirs of vocabulary and good command of grammar, their communicative competence is usually far from that of the native speakers of English. There may, of course, be many factors responsible for this. Nonetheless, this study suggests that one such factor which hinders perfect communication may be the problems Iranian learners have with English collocations.<\/p>\n

    <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Implications<\/p>\n

    The idea that much native speaker speech is based on prefabricated language rather than created from scratch, that we store and perhaps even acquire most of our language in this ready-made form, obviously has far-reaching implications not only for the theoretical analysis of language, but also for pedagogic theory.<\/p>\n

    <\/em><\/p>\n

    Theoretical Implications<\/h3>\n

    The fact that collocational competence influences one\u2019s overall language ability can hardly be disputed. There is both logical and empirical support for the effective role of\u00a0 collocations in the successful and native-like performance of EFL learners. As Taylor puts it, the knowledge of which collocations are acceptable in English and which are odd can help learners get a feel of the target language and achieve a more native-like proficiency in the target language. Apart from its role in accuracy, becoming aware of collocations is also a way of improving one\u2019s fluency. The knowledge of what problems Iranian students have with collocations can, therefore, be conducive to finding a way of improving their knowledge in the use of English collocations. For, it goes without saying that unless one knows the nature of collocations, and how they are learnt and used, one cannot do much about them.<\/h3>\n

    Pedagogical implications<\/h3>\n

    Teachers and translators may benefit from the findings of the present study. Teachers can get their students to learn vocabulary more efficiently by presenting words in collocations (INGED, 2000). If students already know the most frequent collocate(s) of a certain word, they will be less likely to combine words freely and produce odd or erroneous word combinations. In fact, the finding of a study by Gitsaki (1999) suggests that language teachers introduce lexical items with their most frequent collocations. Michael Lewis even believes that the whole language can be taught through collocations. The present study will give teachers some cues as to where problems with collocations lie so that they can focus their attention on the problem areas. Also, the knowledge of the sources of collocational problems will certainly be of help to teachers in enabling their students to overcome such problems. In addition, since collocational problems are the source of many problems in translation, translators can also use the results of this study to improve their translation.<\/p>\n

    <\/em><\/p>\n

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    O\u2019Neil, Robert. To learn words you need to learn much more than words<\/strong>. OUP.<\/p>\n

    Power, Ted. 2000. Word + particle collocations for advanced level EL learning <\/strong>and teaching<\/strong>.\u00a0www.google.com\/particle\/collocation.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

    Rudzka, B. et al. 1985. Words you need<\/strong>. London & Basingstoke : Macmillan\u00a0Publishers. (reprinted, 1990)<\/p>\n

    Rudzka, B. et al. 1985. More words you need<\/strong>. London & Basingstoke : Macmillan\u00a0Publishers.<\/p>\n

    Shalev, Noomy. 2000. Collocations. In : The Grapevine<\/strong>. The Haifa Region English\u00a0Inspectorate. Newsletter: vol. 7-2. 2000.<\/p>\n

    Silbermann, Ruth. 2000. Educational Television. In : The Grapevine<\/strong> .vol. 7-2. 2000.<\/p>\n

    Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, concordance, collocation<\/strong>. Oxford: Oxford\u00a0University Press.<\/p>\n

    Taylor, R. P. 1997. A review of lexical relationship and some implications for the <\/strong>SL teacher<\/strong>. Aichi Sangyo University, Japan.<\/p>\n

    Townsend, H. Brenda. 1999. How words work<\/strong>. TESOL.<\/p>\n

    Viegas, Evelyne. 1996. The treatment of collocations <\/strong>www.google.com\/wordcollocation\/thetreatmentofcollocations.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

    Waring, Rob. 1997. Review of Michael Lewis : Implementing the lexical\u00a0approach. Hove : Language Teaching Publications<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Winfield College. Teachers\u2019 Teasers.\u00a0www.yahoo.com\/collocations\/wordcollocations\/teachers\u2019teasers.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

    Yarmohammadi. L. 1997. A contrastive analysis of Persian and English<\/strong>. Payame\u00a0Noor University Press.<\/p>\n

    Zahar, Rick. Et al. 2000. Acquiring vocabulary through reading<\/strong> : Effects of\u00a0frequency and Collocational richness.<\/p>\n

    Ziahosseini, S. M. 1994. Introducing contrastive linguistics<\/strong>. Islamic Azad\u00a0University, Tehran.<\/p>\n

    Appendix A<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The list of collocational errors committed by the subjects<\/p>\n

    <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Note :<\/strong> The correct\u00a0 intended words ( as understood from the context ) are given in parentheses .<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. 1. <\/strong>adjective + noun collocations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u2026 as gloomy<\/em><\/strong> as an owl\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (proud)<\/p>\n

      It is like giving the child rancid<\/em><\/strong> milk and then believing \u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (sour)<\/p>\n

      After hearing another morbid<\/em><\/strong> joke, he \u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (sick)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 listened with total<\/em><\/strong> disbelief.\u00a0 (blank)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 helps them grow harder<\/em><\/strong> bones.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (denser)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 do the scoring with a scoring scale<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0 (device)<\/p>\n

      They must have a harsh<\/em><\/strong> dislike for the job. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (intense)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 from the respectfu<\/em><\/strong>l university of Tehran. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (respected)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 and my oldest <\/em><\/strong>sister is 29. \u00a0 (eldest)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 alas, it was only a brief<\/em><\/strong> happiness.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (transient)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 was as stupid as a cow<\/em><\/strong> (\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 )**<\/p>\n

      It was the rotten<\/em><\/strong> tooth that \u2026 (decayed)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 because of surfeiting, i.e., eating extra <\/em><\/strong>amounts of food. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (exesive)<\/p>\n

      She picked up the withered<\/em><\/strong> apple and began to \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (shriveled)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 in a hot and tainted<\/em><\/strong> weather like this \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (rotten)<\/p>\n

      The student replied with<\/em> a weak<\/em><\/strong> voice \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (feeble)<\/p>\n

      They are obviously seeking a more placid<\/em><\/strong> way of life.\u00a0\u00a0 (peaceful)<\/p>\n

      That may be an explanation for the constant<\/em><\/strong> conflict between husbands and wives. (eternal)<\/p>\n

      A celebrated<\/em><\/strong> linguist later told us about \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (distinguished)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 with 20 valuable<\/em><\/strong> stones\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (precious)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 preferred the fried<\/em><\/strong> rice.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (browned)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 permitted them such a generous<\/em><\/strong> expenditure\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (lavish)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 to consult with an eminent<\/em><\/strong> actress\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (a famous)<\/p>\n

      One of Julia\u2019s upper teeth was slack<\/em><\/strong>. \u00a0\u00a0 (loose)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 only the stifled<\/em><\/strong> throb of the engine could be heard .\u00a0 (muffled)<\/p>\n

      His aberrant<\/em><\/strong> explanation did not satisfy her.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (elusive)**<\/p>\n

      \u2026 turned as white as snow.<\/em><\/strong> (a sheet)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 never thought of doubting a decorous<\/em><\/strong> friend like him.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (decent; honest)<\/p>\n

      Of the four siblings, three were married and one celibate.<\/em><\/strong> (single; unmarried)<\/p>\n

      Despite a severe cold and coarse<\/em><\/strong> voice,\u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (hoarse)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 won with a dominant<\/em><\/strong> majority \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (clear)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 a strong<\/em><\/strong> promise not to \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (solemn)<\/p>\n

      It was as clear as daylight<\/em><\/strong> that\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (a bell)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 were shaking like a willow<\/em><\/strong> ( leaf)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 a spindly<\/em><\/strong> grace\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (slender)<\/p>\n

      Members of the lighting group<\/em><\/strong> were ready. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (crew)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 was as dirty<\/em><\/strong> as a mule\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (stubborn)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 spoke in such a callous<\/em><\/strong> language \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (coarse)<\/p>\n

      They live a nonluxurious<\/em><\/strong> life.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (simple, spartan)<\/p>\n

      They were using faked<\/em><\/strong> names.\u00a0 (fictitious)<\/p>\n

      \u2026and he was rather abusive-mouthed<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (foul-mouthed)<\/p>\n

      The gloomy<\/em><\/strong> air of the class was once more filled with noise. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (dull)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 the feral <\/em><\/strong>murderer was\u2026 \u00a0\u00a0 (brutal)<\/p>\n

      He sat as still as a statue.<\/em><\/strong> (stone)<\/p>\n

      Their water supply was running short.<\/em><\/strong> (low)<\/p>\n

      The dead animal produced a sort of stench and decayed<\/em><\/strong> odour.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (putrid)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 villages are more frugal<\/em><\/strong> than people\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (**)<\/p>\n

      She hated his bitter<\/em><\/strong> humour.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (ill)<\/p>\n

      Speaking totally in English with nascent<\/em><\/strong> learners \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (elementary)<\/p>\n

      They gathered some dried<\/em><\/strong> brunches.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (dead)<\/p>\n

      A loaded gun is always a fatal<\/em><\/strong> weapon.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (lethal)<\/p>\n

      \u2026, for he was madly enamoured<\/em><\/strong> of the actress.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (fond)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 didn\u2019t have any special tendency<\/em><\/strong> for teaching.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (talent)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 had an itchy leg<\/em><\/strong> (foot)<\/p>\n

      Once the water boiled, put some dry <\/em><\/strong>tea, and wait\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (black)<\/p>\n

      Whether in boldface or lowface<\/em><\/strong>, it should be italicized.\u00a0 (lightface)<\/p>\n

      Sometimes, they are difficult to translate into appropriate <\/em><\/strong>English. (proper)<\/p>\n

      He was one of those youngsters who wear open-collar<\/em><\/strong> shirts with sticky<\/em><\/strong> jeans.(open-necked ; tight-fitting)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 her gentle<\/em><\/strong> love for\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (tender)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 walked with an agile<\/em><\/strong> pace.\u00a0 (a brisk)<\/p>\n

      \u2026 and he had to put up with a water-cooked<\/em><\/strong> egg.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (boiled)<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. 2. <\/strong>Verb + Noun collocations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u2026 after only a week, he ran away from<\/em><\/strong> prison.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (broke)<\/p>\n

        He refrained <\/em><\/strong>from voting. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (abstained)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 their attempt died<\/em><\/strong> in the bud.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (nipped)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 to stadium to encourage<\/em><\/strong> our favourite team.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (bolster ; support)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 fill the glass with water, then solve<\/em><\/strong> a teaspoonful of \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (dissolve)<\/p>\n

        It didn\u2019t take them long to understand<\/em><\/strong> that he was ill.\u00a0\u00a0 (learn )<\/p>\n

        Have you provided<\/em><\/strong> the book yet?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (obtained)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 can bring<\/em><\/strong> many reasons\u2026\u00a0 (give)<\/p>\n

        He rose<\/em><\/strong> his hand to \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (raised)<\/p>\n

        To drive <\/em><\/strong>an airplane \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (pilot; fly)**<\/p>\n

        I tried unsuccessfully to halt<\/em><\/strong> my yawn.\u00a0 (smother)<\/p>\n

        A teacher who constantly violates <\/em><\/strong>his\/her promise cannot\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (break)<\/p>\n

        \u2026like an addict who has to use<\/em><\/strong> drugs to\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (take)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 where you spend it (money) like sand<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (water)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 can raise<\/em><\/strong> many different flowers.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (grow)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 decided to block<\/em><\/strong> the country\u2019s assets.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (freeze)<\/p>\n

        She waited and waited until she revealed<\/em><\/strong> her spite.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (vented)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 in S\/FL classes may develop<\/em><\/strong> successful results.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (yield)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 who train<\/em><\/strong> their children in private institutes who \u2026\u00a0 (educate)<\/p>\n

        After reeling off<\/em><\/strong> the list of names, \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (calling, reading)<\/p>\n

        I wouldn\u2019t like to run<\/em><\/strong> to the conclusion that\u2026\u00a0\u00a0 (jump)<\/p>\n

        The Ministry of High Education delayed<\/em><\/strong> the exam due to\u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (postponed)<\/p>\n

        They took away<\/em><\/strong> the kidneys of the executed prisoners. (removed)<\/p>\n

        Never before, had their income permitted<\/em><\/strong> them such a generous <\/em><\/strong>expenditure. (allowed)<\/p>\n

        She grew white and her lips shivered.<\/em><\/strong> (trembled)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 suddenly increased<\/em><\/strong> speed and won the match.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (gathered)<\/p>\n

        Nowhere in the world does such a crime demand<\/em><\/strong> death penalty.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (attract)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 see how culture encloses<\/em><\/strong> poetry and \u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (embraces)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 is a tune which envisages<\/em><\/strong> the spirits of the dead.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (conjures up)<\/p>\n

        Teaching that way is much like training<\/em><\/strong> tigers.\u00a0 (taming)<\/p>\n

        I was progressing<\/em><\/strong> towards the silent woods\u2026 (advancing)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 having<\/em><\/strong> company with bad people \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (keeping)<\/p>\n

        She kept on huddling<\/em><\/strong> her little son\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (cuddling)<\/p>\n

        Suddenly, it racked<\/em><\/strong> my mind to\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (crossed)<\/p>\n

        He made<\/em><\/strong> the lead and others followed. (took)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 brought <\/em><\/strong>excuse after excuse \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (invented, made)<\/p>\n

        They reduced<\/em><\/strong> their distance \u2026 (shortened)<\/p>\n

        Now, go and get<\/em><\/strong> money,\u00a0 become rich. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (make)<\/p>\n

        They had already got <\/em><\/strong>access to \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (gained)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 is that the teacher should not pull side<\/em><\/strong> in these cases.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (pull string, take side)<\/p>\n

        It wounds<\/em><\/strong> the soul that \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (afflicts)<\/p>\n

        He put forward<\/em><\/strong> his resignation and\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( tendered)<\/p>\n

        They got<\/em><\/strong> 400 new soldiers.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (recruited)<\/p>\n

        Seeing the bend, he lowered the gear<\/em><\/strong> ,\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (changed down a gear)<\/p>\n

        Children were shaking<\/em><\/strong> their hands as the train was leaving the station.\u00a0\u00a0 (waving)<\/p>\n

        She moved<\/em><\/strong> her hand in<\/em><\/strong> her hair.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (ran \u2013 through)<\/p>\n

        I was so hungry that I could eat a cow.<\/em><\/strong> (horse)<\/p>\n

        They decided to increase <\/em><\/strong>taxes.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (put up; raise)<\/p>\n

        At first, I did not consider<\/em><\/strong> his threat seriously.\u00a0\u00a0 (take)<\/p>\n

        To arrive on time, he quickened his speed<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (pace)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 couldn\u2019t stand<\/em><\/strong> the loss.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (bear; suffer)<\/p>\n

        \u2026 would retaliate<\/em><\/strong> his kindness with a dinner party.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (repay)<\/p>\n

        Whatever we did, we couldn\u2019t appease <\/em><\/strong>the angry woman. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (pacify; placate)<\/p>\n

        The other man was breaking<\/em><\/strong> sticks to make a fire.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (chopping)<\/p>\n

        She had already set<\/em><\/strong> the table.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (laid)<\/p>\n

        He gave<\/em><\/strong> tribute to the guest speaker.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (paid)<\/p>\n

        You shouldn\u2019t criticize<\/em><\/strong> yourself for that.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (blame ; reproach)<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. 3. <\/strong>Noun + Verb collocations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          <\/strong><\/p>\n

          The fender of his car was penetrated<\/em><\/strong> in the crash.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (dented)<\/h2>\n

          The committee was persuaded<\/em><\/strong> that \u2026 (convinced)<\/p>\n

          \u2026because their father had banned<\/em><\/strong> them from watching TV.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( **)<\/p>\n

          \u2026like a lion that lures <\/em><\/strong>a rabbit. (stalks)<\/p>\n

          \u2026but it (colour) didn\u2019t fit<\/em><\/strong> the wall.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (match)<\/p>\n

          The only thing that disrupted the silence was the distant barking <\/em><\/strong>of jackals.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (howling)<\/p>\n

          His anger relieved<\/em><\/strong> when he heard the news.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (subsided)<\/p>\n

          \u2026 fell down the steps like a ball turning round<\/em><\/strong> on the ground.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (rolling)<\/p>\n

          \u2026, security was enhanced<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (tightened)<\/p>\n

          The boy had put on boots and his trousers were pushed<\/span> in his boots.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (tucked)<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. 4. <\/strong>Noun + Noun collocations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            <\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u2026 a leg<\/em><\/strong> of beef\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (side)<\/p>\n

            \u2026 even hear the squeaking<\/em><\/strong> of crickets\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (chirping)<\/p>\n

            As expected, the chief<\/em><\/strong> of the faculty rejected the proposal.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (dean)<\/p>\n

            \u2026it was all because of electricity cut<\/em><\/strong>. (power failure)<\/p>\n

            \u2026 be charged in the region<\/em><\/strong> court.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (district)<\/p>\n

            He suffered from severe language damage<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (impairment)<\/p>\n

            Syllabus design is concerned with the selection and gradation<\/em><\/strong> of content.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (grading)<\/p>\n

            They were kept in a military custody <\/em><\/strong>center.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (detention)<\/p>\n

            \u2026 a car burglar<\/em><\/strong> ( **)<\/p>\n

            \u2026 including a pack<\/em><\/strong> of cotton were destroyed in fire.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (bale)<\/p>\n

            \u2026 and the windscreen cleaner<\/em><\/strong> did not work.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (wiper)<\/p>\n

            They were watching a terror<\/em><\/strong> film when\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (horror)<\/p>\n

            Since the family adjusting<\/em><\/strong> programs failed, \u2026\u00a0 (planning)<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. 5. <\/strong>Fixed Expressions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              <\/strong><\/p>\n

              According to<\/em><\/strong> the importance of vocabulary in \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (owing to; due to)<\/p>\n

              Although he used to bite<\/em><\/strong> bones with me, I actually\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (pick)<\/p>\n

              Indeed, it augured very bad<\/em><\/strong> since\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (ill)<\/p>\n

              Nobody can make<\/em><\/strong> such dangerous criminals free<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (set free)<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. 6. <\/strong>Adverb + adjective collocations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                <\/strong><\/p>\n

                This is nearly<\/em><\/strong> related to the principles of case grammar.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (closely)<\/p>\n

                \u2026 looking with eyes wide agape<\/em><\/strong>. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (open)<\/p>\n

                The man proved to be mentally crazy.<\/em><\/strong> (deranged; insane)<\/p>\n

                He was orderly<\/em><\/strong> shaven.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (smoothly)<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. 7. <\/strong>Verb + Adverb collocations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  I thanked her greatly<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (profusely)<\/p>\n

                  Appendix B<\/p>\n

                  The complete list of the cued production tasks<\/p>\n

                  Task\u00a0 1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adjective + Noun<\/p>\n

                  A. Match the adjectives given in column II with suitable nouns given in column I.<\/p>\n

                  <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  compulsive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 behaviour<\/p>\n

                  constructive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 heat<\/p>\n

                  evasive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 gambler<\/p>\n

                  expensive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 results<\/p>\n

                  exhaustive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 answers<\/p>\n

                  impressive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plot<\/p>\n

                  impulsive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 behaviour<\/p>\n

                  inventive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 criticism<\/p>\n

                  oppressive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tests<\/p>\n

                  permissive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tastes<\/p>\n

                  gloomy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 view<\/p>\n

                  dismal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 face<\/p>\n

                  brief\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 child<\/p>\n

                  transient\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 happiness<\/p>\n

                  eloquent\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 words<\/p>\n

                  articulate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 encounter<\/p>\n

                  abject\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 disaster<\/p>\n

                  unmitigated\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 poverty<\/p>\n

                  <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  B. Supply proper adjectives. Follow the model. <\/strong>EX: as\u00a0 light<\/em><\/strong> as a feather.<\/p>\n

                  as\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a bat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a bee<\/p>\n

                  as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a bell\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a daisy<\/p>\n

                  as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as an eel\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a mule<\/p>\n

                  as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as an owl\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as brass<\/p>\n

                  as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a priest\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a lamb<\/p>\n

                  as\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a wolf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a scarecrow<\/p>\n

                  <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  C. Use adjectives that can go with the given nouns and can be translated as \u2019 <\/em><\/strong>\u0628\u062f \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Some\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 butter\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 some\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cream<\/p>\n

                  Some\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 eggs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 some\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 milk<\/p>\n

                  \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bacons\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 brains<\/p>\n

                  what a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 weather\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I have a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tooth.<\/p>\n

                  A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cabbage<\/p>\n

                  <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  D. Choose the adjective that can best collocate with the given nouns.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  1. a\/n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 joke<\/p>\n

                  a. morbid\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. sick\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. diseased\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. unwholesome<\/p>\n

                  2. a\/n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 colour<\/p>\n

                  a. sickly\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. ill\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. morbid\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. diseased<\/p>\n

                  3. a\/n\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 curiosity<\/p>\n

                  a. ill\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. sick\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. sickly\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. morbid<\/p>\n

                  4. a\/n\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 food<\/p>\n

                  a. unwholesome\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. diseased\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. morbid\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. sickly<\/p>\n

                  5. a\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 expenditure<\/p>\n

                  a. lavish\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. generous\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. profuse\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. lush<\/p>\n

                  6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 thanks<\/p>\n

                  a. generous\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. profuse\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. lush\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. lavish<\/p>\n

                  7.\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 apologies<\/p>\n

                  a. profuse\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. generous\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. lavish \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. lush<\/p>\n

                  8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0 green grass<\/p>\n

                  a. lush\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. profuse\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. lavish\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. generous<\/p>\n

                  Task 2\u00a0\u00a0 Noun +\u00a0 Noun<\/h1>\n
                    \n
                  1. A. <\/strong>Fill in the blanks with appropriate measure words.\u00a0 Example : <\/strong>a box<\/em><\/strong> of matches <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    1. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of soap\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of sardines<\/p>\n

                    3. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of paper\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4. a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of lamb<\/p>\n

                    5. a\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of beef\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of bread<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. B. <\/strong>Fill in the blanks with suitable words having the general meaning of \u2018group\u2019<\/span><\/em>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of fish\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of sheep<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of cows\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of whales<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of lions\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of beautiful girls<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of bananas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of flowers<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of keys\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of thugs<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of newspapers\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of sticks<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of grapes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of nerves<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of chairs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of dishes<\/p>\n

                      a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of hills<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. C. <\/strong>Supply words that have the general meaning of \u2018head<\/em>\u2019 or \u2018boss\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the bank\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the department<\/p>\n

                        the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the college\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the university<\/p>\n

                        the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the high school\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the faculty<\/p>\n

                        the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the police\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of staff<\/p>\n

                        the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of the hotel\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the England football \u2026<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. D. <\/strong>Fill in the blanks with words which have the general meaning of \u2018mass<\/em>\u2019 or \u2018piece\u2019<\/em> <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          For example :\u00a0 a slice<\/strong> of toast<\/p>\n

                          a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of dough\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of wood<\/p>\n

                          a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of cake\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of glass<\/p>\n

                          a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of china\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of melon<\/p>\n

                          Task 3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Noun + Verb<\/h2>\n

                          A. Do you know what sounds these animals make?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          dogs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 owls\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lions\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026<\/p>\n

                          mice\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lambs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 donkeys\u2026<\/p>\n

                          crickets\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 camels\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bears\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026<\/p>\n

                          apes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bulls\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 jackals \u2026<\/p>\n

                          pigeons \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ravens\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 snakes\u00a0 \u2026<\/p>\n

                          turkeys\u2026<\/p>\n

                          <\/strong><\/p>\n

                          <\/strong><\/p>\n

                          B. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs which can convey the meanings specified.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          I\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 )\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 )\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II (\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0646- \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0632\u062f\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 )<\/p>\n

                          Teeth\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stars\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026<\/p>\n

                          Leaves \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A candle flame\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in the breeze.<\/p>\n

                          Societies \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A white-hot coal on a fire \u2026 .<\/p>\n

                          Potatoes \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A gold object \u2026 .<\/p>\n

                          A diamond necklace \u2026 .<\/p>\n

                          Thunder\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u064a \u063a\u0631\u062f ) )\u00a0 A volcano\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026 .\u00a0 ( \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f ) \u00a0\u00a0 An epidemic\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 . ((\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n

                          Task 4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Translation Task<\/p>\n

                          Translate the following expressions into English.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          1. to\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 somebody\u2019s attention\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                          2. to be at somebody\u2019s \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02. \u06af\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                          3. to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 with someone\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3. \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                          4. to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bad company\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4. \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06af\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/p>\n

                          5. The air in the room was \u2026 .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5. \u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n

                          6.\u00a0 a tune which \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the spirits of the dead6. \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                          7. She has a\/an \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tongue\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7. \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e<\/p>\n

                          8. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 baggage\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8. \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n

                          9. He had a\/an \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tongue.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9. \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0631\u0628 \u0648 \u0646\u0631\u0645<\/p>\n

                          10. She was a\/an \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 mother.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10. \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0686\u0647)<\/p>\n

                          11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11. \u064a\u0643 \u0646\u062e \u0633\u064a\u06af\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n

                          12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12. \u064a\u0643 \u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a<\/p>\n

                          13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 13. \u064a\u0643 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0634<\/p>\n

                          14.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14. \u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u0647<\/p>\n

                          15.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15. \u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a<\/p>\n

                          16.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 16. \u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

                          17. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 apple\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 17. \u0633\u064a\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n

                          18. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 thanks\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 18. \u062e\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n

                          19. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 smoker\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 19. \u0643\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a \u0643\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

                          20. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 traveler\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20. \u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

                          21. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 place\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21. \u064a\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0648\u062a<\/p>\n

                          22. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 weapon\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22. \u0627\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n

                          23. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 drug\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 23. \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n

                          24. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 danger\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 24. \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n

                          25. a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 combat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a025.<\/p>\n

                          26. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 poison\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 26. \u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n

                          27. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 wound\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 27. \u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n

                          28.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 accident\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 28. \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n

                          29. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 mistake\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 29. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n

                          30.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 piece of land\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30. \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634<\/p>\n

                          31.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 stones\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 31. \u0633\u0646\u06af\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n

                          32.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 possessions\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32. \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634<\/p>\n

                          33. brain\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 33. \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

                          Task 5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Verb + Noun<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          1. In each group of the following sentences and phrases, fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs given. Note<\/em><\/strong> : A blank may be filled with more than one word, and a word may be used more than once.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                            enhance \u2013 heighten \u2013 intensify \u2013 aggravate<\/h6>\n

                            1. Everyone has the desire to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 his\/her reputation.<\/p>\n

                            2. They \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the enjoyment of their trip by swimming I the lake.<\/p>\n

                            3. He is never helpful. He can only\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rather than solve problems.<\/p>\n

                            4. The presidential candidates \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 their campaign.<\/p>\n

                            5. The war between the two countries \u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

                            break \u2013 violate – infringe<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

                            6. She \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 her promise and did not attend the meeting.<\/p>\n

                            7. I don\u2019t like anybody to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 my privacy.<\/p>\n

                            8. They don\u2019t respect the laws. They frequently\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the regulations.<\/p>\n

                            exterminate \u2013 slaughter \u2013 butcher \u2013 massacre \u2013 murder \u2013 assassinate – execute <\/em><\/h6>\n

                            9. They had to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rats to prevent the spread of disease.<\/p>\n

                            10. Take care to\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lambs by humane methods.<\/p>\n

                            11. The invading army\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the whole village.<\/p>\n

                            12. The court decided to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the prime minister.<\/p>\n

                            instigate \u2013 launch \u2013 initiate – commence<\/h5>\n

                            To \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a course<\/p>\n

                            To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an employment<\/p>\n

                            To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 criminal proceedings<\/p>\n

                            To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a strike<\/p>\n

                            To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an enquiry<\/p>\n

                            To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a new product<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. B. <\/strong>Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              1. He \u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 her and did not let her finish her speech.<\/p>\n

                              2. The strike\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the production.<\/p>\n

                              3. The thieves \u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the house looking for valuables.<\/p>\n

                              4. Please don\u2019t \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 through my papers, you will put them out of order.<\/p>\n

                              5. She was \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of all her jewelry while she slept.<\/p>\n

                              6. The troops are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ing and looting wherever they go.<\/p>\n

                              7. Our house was \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 while we were on holiday.<\/p>\n

                              8. He took an \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 that he would never help her again.<\/p>\n

                              9. It surprised me to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of her decision.<\/p>\n

                              10. During the election about 28 million people \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 their ballots.<\/p>\n

                              11. You \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a film on TV, but you \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 it in the cinema.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Supply verbs that collocate with the given nouns and convey the meanings specified.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                To\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a yawn\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 murder\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a dictionary\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646- \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/p>\n

                                To \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a wound\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a conclusion\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an airplane\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an excuse\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a story\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a law\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u2013 \u0632\u064a\u0631 \u067e\u0627 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an appointment\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 some one permission\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 prison\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u06af\u0631\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of age\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                To\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 drug\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                Task 6 \u2013 Idioms<\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                1. A. <\/strong>Complete the following sentences or phrases to form idioms according to the given<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  meanings.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  1. A: How is your grand mother?\u00a0\u00a0 B: Oh, the old girl finally kicked the \u2026 . (died)<\/p>\n

                                  2. Once the teacher heard the name \u2018Mary\u2019, he flew off the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 . ( became angry )<\/p>\n

                                  3. Whenever I did anything wrong, one of those stupid kids would \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the beans.<\/p>\n

                                  (reveal the secret)<\/p>\n

                                  4. They even \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no bones to assert that they hate English classes. ( speak frankly )<\/p>\n

                                  5. He was so brave that he was always ready to take the bull by the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 . (face<\/p>\n

                                  difficulty)<\/p>\n

                                  6. They finally decided to bury the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and work together to solve the problem.<\/p>\n

                                  (end their hostilities)<\/p>\n

                                  7. He only sees his father once in a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 . ( quite infrequently )<\/p>\n

                                  8. Can you give me a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 with this? I can\u2019t do it alone.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( help me )<\/p>\n

                                  9. He was the \u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of his mother\u2019s eye. (his mother loved him)<\/p>\n

                                  10. Come off it Jack. He is full of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 . ( he is boastful)<\/p>\n

                                  11. He never accepts any responsibility. He always tries to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the buck. ( shift<\/p>\n

                                  responsibility to somebody else )<\/p>\n

                                  12. To give someone the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 shoulder. ( treat unsympathetically )<\/p>\n

                                  13. To sell like\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 ( be popular )<\/p>\n

                                  14. To be in the hot \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( difficult position of decision making )<\/p>\n

                                  15. To be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 under the collar ( angry )<\/p>\n

                                  16. To\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bones with someone ( argue or quarrel with )<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. B. <\/strong>Complete the following phrases.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    To fit like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To run like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To sing like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To sleep like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To shake like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0631\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To swear like a\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To smoke like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    To spend money like a \u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u06af \u067e\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/p>\n

                                    About Author<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    Abbas Ali Zarei<\/strong> is a Ph.D holder in Teaching English as a Foreign Language. He was born in 1972 in Qazvin, Iran, graduated from highschool in 1990. In 1994, he got his BA in Teaching English as a Foreign Language from the University for Teacher Education in Tehran. He got his MA and PhD, both in Teaching English as a Foreign Language from Tehran University and Isfahan University in Iran in 1996 and 2002, respectively.\u00a0\u00a0 He is currently a member of academic staff as well as the dean of the Faculty of Humanities at Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU) in Qazvin, Iran. His main area of interest is vocabulary learning and the factors influencing it. He has written and published 14 books and translated four others. He has also had eleven articles published, mostly in the area of vocabulary learning.<\/p>\n

                                    Download latest (PDF) issue (#64) of ELTWeekly<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                    Abstract Collocations are a pervasive feature of many languages and English seems to be particularly rich in such multi-word lexemes. They have not been a major focus of teaching and research, however, despite the fact that learners have serious problems with the production of idiomatically correct language . The present study , therefore, aimed at […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","omw_enable_modal_window":"enable","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,39,466,125],"tags":[851,873,921,1000],"class_list":["post-315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-elt-articles-and-research-papers","category-elt-newsletter","category-elt-research-papers","category-eltweekly-issue64","tag-elt-newsletter","tag-elt-research-papers","tag-eltweekly","tag-eltweekly-issue64","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=315"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/315\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}