{"id":6956,"date":"2020-11-17T11:06:29","date_gmt":"2020-11-17T11:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/eltweekly.com\/?p=6956"},"modified":"2020-11-17T11:06:29","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T11:06:29","slug":"four-linkers-before-after-when-while-by-nick-shepherd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/?p=6956","title":{"rendered":"Four linkers: before, after, when, while by Nick Shepherd"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a sense, all words are linkers (see below for \u2018more complicated\u2019 stuff), but there is also a group of words whose main job is to link other words together.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of them link items together in Time (<em>before, after<\/em> . . .), Logic (<em>because, although<\/em> . . .) and more. We have called them conjunctions, although they are now more commonly called coordinators and subordinators, and the word linkers is often used as an umbrella word for both. Some of these words can also be used as prepositions, linking nouns together.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today I\u2019m looking at two pairs, both related to Time: <em>before<\/em> <em>\/<\/em> <em>after<\/em>, and <em>when \/ while<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Before and after<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"95\" height=\"138\" src=\"\/\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"99\" height=\"142\" src=\"http:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6957\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here\u2019s a simple example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cNo Billy, you shower<strong> before<\/strong> you get dressed, not <strong>after<\/strong> you<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">get dressed!!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Billy is not the sharpest tool in the box, but I think the example is<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">clear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two more examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You should clean your teeth before you go to bed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You should also clean your teeth after you have had breakfast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Before<\/em> and <em>after<\/em> can also be used as prepositions, but that\u2019s not what\u2019s happening here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>When and while<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"178\" height=\"80\" src=\"\/\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"84\" src=\"http:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6958\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here is an example of <em>when<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One event interrupts the other:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He was asleep when the phone rang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two more examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Susan had already left when I got home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; She smiled when she saw Pete crossing the road.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"193\" height=\"142\" src=\"http:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6959\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And here is an example of <em>while<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two events go on at the same time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The robber robbed their home while they were on holiday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two more examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; We watched TV while we had lunch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I read the paper while my partner finished her work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I have a video on these four words<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<p class=\"responsive-video-wrap clr\"><iframe title=\"Learn English - Sentences: Linkers 2 (when, while, before, after)\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nWSyxg4VOK8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Notes on the \u2018more complicated\u2019 stuff<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Linking together<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Words only mean something when they link together with other words; alone, a word doesn&#8217;t do much. What does a word like <em>table<\/em> or <em>book<\/em> mean? Is it a dining table, a table of results in a book, tabling a motion in a debate?And is <em>book<\/em> something we read? A record of bets placed on a horse? Or is it reserving a room, or a seat at a theatre? Or recording a person\u2019s offence in a police station?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once we link words together into sentences, they mean something. Alone, they are subject to multiple interpretations (but see below, Ellipsis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, in one sense, all words have a role as linkers, because they link together with other words, whether expressed or understood. But there are also some words whose main job is to link parts of the sentence together, and these words are often called Linkers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ellipsis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes the other words are understood, but not expressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a police officer holds up their hand and says \u201cStop\u201d, we understand other words from the situation: \u201cI am wearing a police officer\u2019s uniform, and I am authorised to instruct you to stop your car, so <strong>stop<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In that situation there is a context (the domain): the street, with cars, cyclists, pedestrians and more.&nbsp; And there are the parts we are playing (our roles): driver, or police officer. These two things, domain and role, are hugely important in our choice of language, and understanding the meaning of everything we hear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note on <\/strong>w<strong><em>hen<\/em><\/strong> <strong>and the tenses<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two sentences are different:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The man ran away when the police came.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(when = at the same time)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The man had run away when the police came.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(when = before)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice the difference in the verb tenses. In the first sentence, we use two past tenses, and in the second sentence we use one past perfect tense and one past tense. It is the choice of tense which makes a difference to the meaning. That\u2019s all for now!\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a9 Shepherd School of English<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a sense, all words are linkers (see below for \u2018more complicated\u2019 stuff), but there is also a group of words whose main job is to link other words together.&nbsp; Some of them link items together in Time (before, after . . .), Logic (because, although . . .) and more. We have called them [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","omw_enable_modal_window":"enable","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[53,263,278],"tags":[851,1041],"class_list":["post-6956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eltweekly","category-eltweekly-volume-11","category-eltweekly-volume-11-issue-22","tag-elt-newsletter","tag-eltweekly-newsletter","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6956"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6956\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eltweekly.humbeestudio.xyz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}